Cocaine

What is Cocaine?

Cocaine is a powerful central nervous system stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca plant. It rapidly increases dopamine levels in the brain, producing intense euphoria, heightened alertness, and a short-lived but highly reinforcing sense of energy. Pharmaceutical-grade cocaine exists in limited medical contexts (such as topical anesthesia for certain ENT procedures), but nearly all cocaine encountered in the United States is illicit and unregulated.

In its powdered form (cocaine hydrochloride), it typically appears as a fine white crystalline powder that is snorted, rubbed onto gums, or dissolved and injected. Another form, crack cocaine, is produced by processing the powder with baking soda or other agents to create small “rocks” that can be smoked, delivering a faster and more intense high. Because illicit cocaine is frequently adulterated with substances like levamisole, fentanyl, or local anesthetics, users face increased health risks beyond the effects of the drug itself.

Recreational cocaine use is associated with patterns of bingeing, addiction, cardiovascular complications, and significant behavioral changes. Its highly addictive nature, rapid onset, and short duration make it a major substance of concern across emergency departments, workplace testing programs, criminal justice systems, and treatment centers.

Effects:

• Intense euphoria and elevated mood

• Increased energy, alertness, and confidence

• Decreased appetite

• Dilated pupils

• Elevated heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature

• Restlessness, agitation, or anxiety

• Insomnia and repetitive behaviors

• Increased risk of heart attack, stroke, or cardiac arrhythmias

• Strong cravings and high addiction potential

• Paranoia, aggression, or hallucinations at higher doses or during binges